This new aunt fixed effects identify 65% of one’s variation in the training contained in this attempt

_gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).

Within our test you will find 676 sisters, from who 302 were ple (as they come from children in which one or more girl is actually hitched early) enjoys fathers having rather all the way down educational attainment, will become Muslim, and are usually expected to are now living in outlying components

If we talk about the fresh new the quantity to which province and you can town fixed outcomes need variations in personal and you will financial disadvantage of the examining their ability to identify type inside the educational attainment, we discover your village fixed outcomes establish more than 29% associated with the variation, kauniit mongolian morsiamet a bit more compared to the step three% explained from the state fixed effects. A lot of adaptation is actually however in this communities.

I first introduce estimations one to manage having state*time-wave FE immediately after which town*time-revolution FE. I then wade one step then from the to present overall performance where i imagine brother fixed outcomes models where coefficients is projected regarding contrasting from siblings, one of which got hitched very early plus the other exactly who performed perhaps not. That it investigations regulation for everybody relatives properties, each other observable and unobservable, knowledgeable by the siblings age.g., relatives record. Which however cuts down on new try. Such answers are thus best read to be relevant so you’re able to houses off a whole lot more old-fashioned and lower socio-financial houses. Footnote 10

Finally, ?_ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11

where ChY_ihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (X_ihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHCh_hv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Ch_ihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.